Table of contents:
- Methods
- Sample Size
- Batch Size
- Solvent
- Sample Type
- More Resources
Choosing the right evaporator or sample concentrator for your lab can significantly impact the efficiency and accuracy of your analysis. With various techniques available, such as rotary evaporation, Kuderna Danish evaporation, nitrogen blowdown, centrifugal evaporation, and freeze drying, it’s essential to understand which method suits your specific needs. This guide will help you navigate the selection process by posing key questions in four critical areas: sample size and starting volume, batch size, solvent removal, and sample type. Let’s dive in and determine the best approach for your lab.
Here are the concentration methods covered in this guide:
Uses rotation, vacuum, and heat to efficiently concentrate samples. Rotary evaporators can typically handle a wide range of sample volumes, but are limited to processing one sample at a time. When rotary evaporation is feasible, it is typically the fastest of the sample concentration methods on a per-sample basis.
Uses a stream of nitrogen gas, with or without heat, to evaporate solvents from multiple samples simultaneously, typically in test tubes or vials. Nitrogen blowdown is often the preferred evaporation method when working with volatile analytes. It is also often the cheapest in terms of total installation cost and easiest in terms of sample setup.
Uses centrifugal force, vacuum, and heat to concentrate multiple small volume samples at once. Centrifugal evaporation is typically used to concentrate biological samples such as DNA.
A specialized concentration method for removing organic solvents from volatile or semi-volatile analytes, commonly used in environmental analyses.
Removes liquid by freezing samples and sublimating the ice under vacuum. Freeze dryers are ideal for drying heat sensitive biological compounds in aqueous matrices. This method is the slowest of the evaporation methods covered in this guide but results in the least thermal degradation.
Understanding the size and starting volume of your samples is crucial in selecting the appropriate evaporator
or sample concentrator.
|
Microwell plates |
Small samples |
Medium samples |
Large samples |
|
|
Rotary Evaporation |
No |
Less common |
Yes |
Yes |
|
Nitrogen Blowdown |
Yes |
Yes |
Less common |
No |
|
Centrifugal Evaporation |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
|
Kuderna-Danish Evaporation |
No |
No |
Less common |
Less common |
|
Freeze Drying |
Less common |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Nitrogen blowdown & centrifugal evaporation are optimal for microplates, with freeze drying as a less common
alternative for water removal in heat-sensitive analytes. Specialized accessories are required for all methods.
Nitrogen blowdown is typically the fastest option for small samples, while centrifugal evaporation allows higher throughput. Rotary evaporation can handle small samples if properly adapted but is generally more efficient for larger volumes.
Rotary evaporation is the most efficient method for medium-sized samples, offering speed and flexibility.
Nitrogen blowdown is an alternative for thermally sensitive samples, though it is slower for this volume range.
Rotary evaporation is the gold standard for quickly processing large samples. When preserving volatile analytes is critical, Kuderna-Danish concentration may be preferred.
The number of samples and batch size are critical factors in choosing the right equipment.
|
Single Samples |
Multiple Samples |
High Throughput (>1,000/day) |
|
|
Rotary Evaporation |
Yes |
No |
No |
|
Nitrogen Blowdown |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
|
Centrifugal Evaporation |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
|
Kuderna-Danish Evaporation |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
|
Freeze Drying |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Rotary evaporation, nitrogen blowdown, and Kuderna-Danish concentration excel for single samples. Choose rotary evaporation for larger samples or difficult solvents; for small samples (<10 mL), nitrogen blowdown is simpler and faster.
Nitrogen blowdown and centrifugal evaporation handle multiple samples efficiently. Nitrogen evaporators typically accommodate 10–100 samples, while some centrifugal systems can process up to 500 at once.
Labs processing over 1000 samples daily benefit from automated systems integrated into the sample preparation workflow.
Different evaporators are optimized for various solvents. Choosing the right one improves efficiency and safety.
|
Volatile Organic Solvents |
High Boiling Solvents |
Aqueous Solutions |
|
|
Rotary Evaporation |
Yes |
Less common |
Less common |
|
Nitrogen Blowdown |
Yes |
Less common |
Less common |
|
Centrifugal Evaporation |
Yes |
Less common |
Yes |
|
Kuderna-Danish Evaporation |
Yes |
No |
No |
|
Freeze Drying |
Less common |
Less common |
Yes |
|
Non-Evaporative Methods |
Less common |
Yes |
Yes |
Organic solvents are well-suited to removal via evaporation and can be evaporated using most of the methods
discussed in this guide. The exception is freeze drying; not all organic solvents can be lyophilized, and those that
can often require a specialized model.
Solvents with high boiling points, such as DMF, DMSO, and NMP, are typically challenging to remove through
evaporation. Common removal techniques are washing, extraction, or other non-evaporative removal methods
like chromatographic separation. These solvents can sometimes be removed under high vacuum, such as in a
rotary evaporator or other specialized vacuum concentrator. DMSO can sometimes be lyophilized. While slow,
nitrogen blowdown can also be an effective option for small volume samples.
Freeze drying is excellent for removing water from heat-sensitive samples while preserving their integrity. Centrifugal evaporation is another common method for evaporating water, especially when concentrating proteins or DNA. Nitrogen blowdown and rotary evaporation can be used as well, but each have challenges. Nitrogen blowdown of water is extremely slow without the application of heat, which can be an issue for solutes prone to thermal degradation. Rotary evaporation requires a relatively strong vacuum, which can lead to challenges with bumping.
Mixed organic solvents and azeotropes can typically be evaporated using the same methods as a single organic solvent. For aqueous-organic mixture, a combination of concentration techniques is typically most effective. Consider evaporating off the organic component first and then removing the remaining water in a freeze dryer, or alternatively removing the water with drying agents before evaporating the organic solvent.
The nature of the sample being concentrated is a crucial consideration, especially for those sensitive to heat.
|
Volatile or semi-volatile analytes |
Heat sensitive samples |
Thermally stable non-volatile analytes |
Complex biological structures |
|
|
Rotary Evaporation |
No |
Yes (to an extent) |
Preferred |
No |
|
Nitrogen Blowdown |
Yes |
Yes |
Preferred |
No |
|
Centrifugal Evaporation |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
|
Kuderna-Danish Evaporation |
Yes |
No |
No |
No |
|
Freeze Drying |
No |
Yes |
Waste of time |
Yes |
Samples with thermally stable, nonvolatile analytes are the easiest to concentrate because the solvent can simply be boiled off without concern for the analyte. Evaporation speed can be increased by applying vacuum (rotary evaporation) or a stream of nitrogen gas. Unfortunately, most analytes are either volatile or thermally unstable to some extent.
Nitrogen blowdown evaporation and Kuderna-Danish concentration are the leading methods for retaining volatile or semi-volatile analytes when concentrating samples. The two methods are frequently used in tandem, with large volume samples being concentrated using the Kuderna-Danish technique before being moved to a nitrogen blowdown evaporator for a final (controlled) concentration to a specific endpoint.
The best concentration method for heat-sensitive samples depends on how heat-sensitive they are. Rotary evaporation allows for efficient removal of solvents at 40-60 °C, well below the temperature that would be required to boil most common solvents. For samples that cannot be heated but that are stable at room temperature, nitrogen blowdown and centrifugal evaporation can both be operated effectively without the application of heat. For extremely heat-sensitive samples, freeze drying may be the best choice since it allows the sample to remain below room temperature during concentration. Some advanced centrifugal evaporators have a refrigeration option to achieve a similar effect.
Freeze drying is often preferred for complex biological samples such as proteins or cells if the molecular or cellular structure needs to be preserved.
By considering the size of your samples, your batch processing needs, the solvents you aim to remove, and the type of samples you are concentrating, you can make an informed decision about the most suitable evaporator or concentrator for your laboratory. Whether it’s the versatility of rotary evaporation, the advantage of vacuum through centrifugal evaporation, the high-throughput capability and gentle nature of nitrogen blowdown, or the ability to remove water efficiently through freeze drying, each method has its strengths.
Take a moment to try out the "Which evaporation method is best for me?" tool. This quick and easy tool can further assist you in determining the best evaporation method tailored to your specific needs, helping you make the most informed decision for your lab's requirements. Optimize your lab’s evaporation and concentration processes for maximum efficiency and accuracy today.
If further assistance is needed to determine which sample concentration method is best for your lab, our experts are happy to help. Contact our team today